1.4 References

Alber, T., Petsko, G.A. and Tsernoglou, D. (1976): Crystal Structure of Elastase-Substrate Complex at -55deg. C. Nature 263 297-300.

Bachman, L. and Mayer, E.: Physics of Water and Ice: Implications for Cryofixation. In: Steinbrecht, R.A. and Zierold, K. (Eds.), Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.

Casico, D., Williams, R. and McPherson, A. (1984): The Reduction of Radiation damage in Protein Crystals by Polyethylene Glycol. J. Appl. Cryst. 17 209-211.

Coggle, J.E.: Biological Effects of Radiation. Wykeham Publications, London, 1973).

Davies, K.J.A. (1987): Protein Damadge and Degradation by Oxygen Radicals. I. General Aspects. J. Biol. Chem. 262 9895-9901.

Dewan, J.C. and Tilton, R.F. (1987): Greatly Reduced Radiation Damage in Ribonuclease Crystals Mounted on Glass Fibers. J. Appl. Cryst. 20 130-132.

Dubochet, J. and Schultz, P. (1988): Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitrified Specimens. Q. Rev. Biophys 21 129-228.

Earnest, T., Fauman, E., Craik, C.S. and Stroud, R. (1991): 1.59Å Structure of Trypsin at 120K: Comparison of Low Temperature and Room Temperature Structures. Proteins 10 171-187.

Haas, D.J. and Rossmann, M. (1970): Crystallographic Studies on Lactate Dehydrogenase at -75[[ring]]C. Acta Cryst. B26 998-1004.

Hartmann, H., Parak, F., Steigemann, W., Petsko, G.A., Ponzi, D.R. and Frauenfelder, H. (1982): Conformational Substates in a Protein: Structure and Dyunamics of Metmyoglobin at 80K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79 4967-4971.

Henderson, R. (1990): Cryo-Protection of Protein Crystals Against Radiation Damage in Electron and X-ray Diffraction. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B241 6-8.

Hendrickson, W.A. (1976): Radiation Damage in Protein Crystallography. J. Mol. Biol. 106 889-893.

Hope, H. (1988): Cryocrystallography of Biological Macromolecules: a Generally Applicable Method. Acta Cryst. B44 22-26.

Hope, H. (1990): Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules at Ultra-Low Temperature. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 19 107-126.

Hope, H., Frolow, F., Bohlen, K.v., Makowski, I., Kratky, C., Halfon, Y., Danz, H., Webster, P., Bartels, K.S., Wittmann, H.G. and Yonath, A. (1989): Crystallography of Ribosomal Particles. Acta Cryst. B45 190-199.

Kellenberger, E.: The Response of Biological Macromolecules and Supramolecular Structures to the Physics of Specimen Cryopreparation. In: Steinbrecht, R.A. and Zierold, K. (Eds.), Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.

Low, B.W., Chen, C.C.H., Berger, J.E., Singman, L. and Pletcher, J.F. (1966): Studies of Insulin Crystals at Low Temperature: Effects on Mosaic Character and Radiation Sensetivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 56 1746-1749.

Mayer, E. (1985): Vitrification of Pure Liquid Water. J. Microsc. 140 1-15.

Parak, F., Frolov, E.N., Mossbauer, R.L. and Goldanskii, V.I. (1981): Dynamics of Metmyoglobin Crystals Investigated by Nuclear Resonance Absorpition. J. Mol. Biol. 145 825-833.

Petsko, G.A. (1975): Protein Crystallography at Sub-Zero Temperatures: Cryo-Protective Mother Liquors for Protein Crystals. J. Mol. Biol. 96 381-392.

Ray, W.J.J., Bolin, J.T., Puvathingal, J.M., Minor, W., Liu, U. and Muchmore, S.W. (1991): Removal of Salt from a Salt-Induced Protein Crystal Without Cross-Linking. Preliminary Examination of Desalted Crystals of Phosphoglucomutase by X-Ray Crystallography at Low Temperature. Biochemistry 30 6866-6875.

Singh, T.P., Bode, W. and Huber, R. (1980): Low-Temperature Protein Crystallography Effect on Flexibility, Temperature Factor, Mosaic Spread, Extinction and Diffuse Scattering in Two Examples: Bovine Trypsin and Fc Fragment. Acta Cryst. B36 621-627.

Sutton, R.L. (1991): Critical Cooling Rates to Avoid Ice Crystallization in Solution of Cryoprotective Agents. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 87 101-105.

Talmon, Y.: Electron Beam Radiation Damage to Organic and Biological Cryospecimen. In: Steinbrecht, R.A. and Zierold, K. (Eds.), Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.

Teng, T.Y. (1990): Mounting Crystals for Macromolecular Crystallography in a Free-Standing Thin Film. J. Appl. Cryst. 23 387-391.

Tilton, R.F., Dewan, J.C. and Petsko, G.A. (1992): Effects of Temperature on Protein Structure and Dynamics: X-ray Crystallographic Studies of the Protein Ribonuclease-A at Nine different Temperatures from 98 to 320 K. Biochemistry 31 2469-2481.

Watenpaugh, K.D. (1991): Macromolecular Crystallography at Cryogenic Temperatures. Curr. Opin. in Struct. Biol. 1 1012-1015.

Wierenga, R.K., Zeelen, J.P. and Noble, M.E.M. (1992): Crystal Transfer Experiments Carried Out with Crystals of Trypanosomal Triosephosphate Isomerase (TIM). J. Cryst. Growth 122 231-234.

Young, A.C.M., Dewan, J.C., Thompson, A.W. and Nave, C. (1990): Enhancement in Resolution and Lack of Radiation Damage in a Rapidly Frozen Lysozyme Crystal Subjected to High-Intensity Synchrotron Radiation. J. Appl. Cryst. 23 215-218.

Zalonga, G. and Sarma, R. (1974): New Method for Extending the Diffraction Pattern from Protein Crystals and Preventing their Radiation Damage. Nature 251 551-552.